Exhibit展品
awful
/ˈɔːfəl/
When did awe stop being the point?敬畏是从什么时候起不再是要点的？
Today此刻
Very bad, or, in older and elevated use, inspiring awe.很糟；在较旧、较庄重的用法里，也指令人敬畏。
Historical历史形态
Take it apart拆开来看
The pieces are still visible: awe and -ful. Their old sum was “full of awe.” Ordinary use has left that sum behind.部件仍看得见：awe 和 -ful。它们旧日的和是“充满敬畏”。日常用法已经离开了这个和。
Travel through time穿过时间
Old English古英语
ege
awe, dread敬畏，恐惧
Old English古英语
egefull
full of awe充满敬畏
English英语
awful
inspiring awe, later very bad令人敬畏，后来是很糟
How the meaning moved意义如何移动
01 · Old English and later elevated English01 · 古英语以及后来庄重的英语
full of awe充满敬畏
02 · English02 · 英语
terrible, formidable可怕，令人生畏
03 · modern ordinary English03 · 现代日常英语
very bad很糟
Story故事
Full of awe, then merely bad充满敬畏，然后只是很糟
Awe was dread and reverence together, the feeling of standing before something that could unmake you. Old English built eful words for being full of that feeling. Awful still shows the pieces: awe, and the suffix -ful. For a long time the sum was accurate. An awful sight was a sight that filled you with awe.
Ordinary modern English emptied the reverence and kept the disapproval. Awful means very bad. Awfully can mean very, with the dread boiled off entirely. A sister word, awesome, made a similar journey from dread toward enthusiasm. That room is not open here. The thinning is the same kind of event.
The pieces remain visible, which is the trap. A reader can still parse awful as “full of awe” and be right about the build, and wrong about the present meaning. Historical morphology is allowed to tell the truth about both.
Awe 曾经同时是恐惧和崇敬，是站在一件能把你拆掉的东西面前的感觉。古英语用 eful 这类词表示充满那种感觉。Awful 仍看得出部件：awe，和后缀 -ful。很长一段时间里，这个和是准确的。一幅 awful 的景象，是让你充满敬畏的景象。
日常的现代英语倒空了崇敬，留下了不以为然。awful 的意思是很糟。Awfully 可以只表示“非常”，恐惧被煮干了。姐妹词 awesome 走了相似的路，从恐惧走向热情。那间屋子这里不开放。变薄是同一种事件。
部件仍然看得见，这正是陷阱。读者仍可以把 awful 拆成“充满敬畏”，对构造是对的，对现在的意思是错的。历史形态被允许把两件事都说真话。
Keep wandering继续漫游
Research notes研究笔记
Confidence · High把握 · 高
The outline is the ordinary account in historical dictionaries.轮廓与历史词典里的通行说法一致。
Sources出处
An outline for the visitor, not a critical edition.给访客的纲要，不是校勘本。